Using our framework, we systematically present the findings for each category. The second “Contextual” level contains the categories for contextual and interindividual factors and the third “Cultural” level contains cultural factors that relate to flow. In the first “Individual” level are the categories for personality, motivation, physiology, emotion, cognition, and behavior. The provided framework consists of three levels of flow research. Our review (1) provides a framework to cluster flow research, (2) gives a systematic overview about existing studies and their findings, and (3) provides an overview about implications for future research. Overall, 252 studies have been included in this review. However, to our best knowledge, no scoping review exists that takes a systematic look at studies on flow which were published between the years 20. The flow concept was introduced by Csikszentmihalyi in 1975, and interest in flow research is growing. Finally, we develop a refined measure of flow called the two-dimensional-flow scale, and demonstrate its enhanced ability to capture variance in flow and other related variables in leisure contexts.įlow is a gratifying state of deep involvement and absorption that individuals report when facing a challenging activity and they perceive adequate abilities to cope with it ( EFRN, 2014 ). Furthermore, we demonstrate that fluency-related experiences can give rise to the absorption-related experiences, which advances our understanding of how flow emerges. Conversely, the absorption dimension was found to be strongly related to consequences of flow (behavioral intentions, presence), while the fluency dimension was not. Specifically, while the fluency dimension is related to antecedents of flow (familiarity, skill, progress), the absorption dimension is not.
The results also demonstrate that the two dimensions have nuanced relationships with other variables.
THE FLOW EXPERIENCE OCCURS WHEN SOMEONE FULL
The results of six studies ( N = 2809) reveal that flow has two dimensions: “fluency,” which is comprised of experiences related to fluent thought and action and “absorption,” which is based on sustained full attention. This research advances the conceptualization and measurement of flow. The manner in which these processes may benefit sporting performance are discussed.
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While flow has received only preliminary investigation from a neuroscientific perspective, findings already provide important insights into the crucial role played by higher order attentional networks, and clear indications of reduced activity in brain regions linked to self-referential processing. Some tensions within flow research are discussed including the dissociation between psychophysiological and experiential measures, and the equivocal neuroimaging findings supporting prominent accounts of hypofrontality. Recent research has begun to utilise brain-imaging techniques to investigate neurocognitive changes during flow, which enables attentional mechanisms to be understood in greater detail. We propose that an attentional explanation provides the best way to advance theoretical models and produce practical applications, as well as providing potential solutions to core issues such as how an objectively difficult task can be subjectively effortless. B.A.While the experience of flow is often described in attentional terms - focused concentration or task absorption - specific cognitive mechanisms have received limited interest.Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.Electronics and Communication Engineering.